@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Source+Serif+4:opsz,wght@8..60,400;8..60,500&display=swap");

:root {
  --forest: #174a4e;
  --forest-deep: #0b2b30;
  --sage: #edf5f4;
  --lime: #c6ebe4;
  --paper: #f8faf9;
  --ink: #173034;
  --muted: #637578;
  --line: rgba(23, 48, 52, 0.14);
  --white: #ffffff;
  --display: "Source Serif 4", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
  --sans: "Source Sans 3", Inter, ui-sans-serif, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
  --shell: min(1320px, calc(100vw - 48px));
}

* { box-sizing: border-box; }
html {
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
  text-size-adjust: 100%;
}
body {
  margin: 0;
  background: var(--paper);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--sans);
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}
img { display: block; max-width: 100%; }
a { color: inherit; }
button { font: inherit; }
.page-shell { width: var(--shell); margin-inline: auto; }
.section-pad { padding: 72px 0; }
.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border: 0;
}
.skip-link {
  position: fixed;
  z-index: 1000;
  top: 12px;
  left: 12px;
  padding: 10px 14px;
  background: var(--white);
  color: var(--forest);
  transform: translateY(-180%);
}
.skip-link:focus { transform: translateY(0); }

.site-header {
  position: fixed;
  z-index: 100;
  inset: 0 0 auto;
  color: var(--white);
  transition: background .25s ease, color .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease;
}
.site-header.scrolled,
.site-header.solid {
  background: rgba(248, 250, 249, .97);
  color: var(--ink);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 0 var(--line);
  backdrop-filter: blur(14px);
}
.nav-shell {
  width: var(--shell);
  height: 88px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
}
.brand {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.brand-mark {
  position: relative;
  display: grid;
  width: 36px;
  height: 36px;
  place-items: center;
}
.brand-mark::before,
.brand-mark::after,
.brand-mark span {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  width: 8px;
  height: 8px;
  border: 1px solid currentColor;
  border-radius: 50%;
}
.brand-mark::before { top: 0; left: 0; }
.brand-mark::after { right: 0; bottom: 0; }
.brand-mark span:nth-child(1) { top: 2px; right: 1px; }
.brand-mark span:nth-child(2) { bottom: 2px; left: 1px; }
.brand-mark span:nth-child(3) { width: 10px; height: 10px; }
.brand-copy { display: grid; line-height: 1.05; }
.brand-copy strong { font-size: .94rem; letter-spacing: .03em; }
.brand-copy small { margin-top: 5px; font-size: .62rem; letter-spacing: .14em; text-transform: uppercase; opacity: .72; }
.primary-nav { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 26px; }
.primary-nav a {
  position: relative;
  padding: 10px 0;
  font-size: .76rem;
  font-weight: 650;
  letter-spacing: .1em;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.primary-nav a::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: auto 0 2px;
  height: 1px;
  background: currentColor;
  transform: scaleX(0);
  transform-origin: right;
  transition: transform .2s ease;
}
.primary-nav a:hover::after,
.primary-nav a:focus-visible::after,
.primary-nav a.active::after { transform: scaleX(1); transform-origin: left; }
.nav-toggle { display: none; }

.hero {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 580px;
  height: 76svh;
  max-height: 720px;
  overflow: hidden;
  color: var(--white);
  background: var(--forest);
}
.hero-image,
.hero-shade { position: absolute; inset: 0; }
.hero-image {
  background: url("IITGN_picture.jpg") 58% 50% / cover no-repeat;
  transform: scale(1.01);
}
.hero-shade {
  background:
    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(8, 43, 48, .90) 0%, rgba(8, 43, 48, .67) 42%, rgba(8, 43, 48, .16) 78%),
    linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(8, 43, 48, .43), transparent 45%);
}
.hero-content {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 2;
  height: 100%;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: center;
  padding-top: 74px;
}
.eyebrow,
.kicker {
  margin: 0 0 20px;
  font-size: .7rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: .19em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.eyebrow { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .78); }
.hero h1 {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--display);
  font-size: clamp(3rem, 4.9vw, 4.4rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: .96;
  letter-spacing: -.045em;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.hero h1 em {
  color: var(--lime);
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 500;
}
.hero-intro {
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: 22px 0 0;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: rgba(255,255,255,.82);
}
.text-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
  width: fit-content;
  margin-top: 28px;
  padding-bottom: 7px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid currentColor;
  font-size: .73rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .12em;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.text-link span { transition: transform .2s ease; }
.text-link:hover span { transform: translate(3px, -2px); }
.hero-index {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 2;
  right: max(24px, calc((100vw - 1320px) / 2));
  bottom: 35px;
  font-size: .68rem;
  letter-spacing: .17em;
  color: rgba(255,255,255,.65);
}

.focus-section { background: var(--paper); }
.focus-layout { display: block; }
.focus-copy .kicker { margin: 0 0 18px; }
.focus-copy h2 {
  max-width: none;
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--display);
  font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 2.25vw, 2.5rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.04;
  letter-spacing: -.04em;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.focus-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.35fr) minmax(380px, .65fr);
  gap: clamp(44px, 6vw, 88px);
  align-items: center;
}
.kicker { color: #477579; }
.kicker.light { color: #437176; }
.section-heading h2,
.news-heading h2,
.placeholder-hero h1 {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--display);
  font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 5vw, 4.9rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: .99;
  letter-spacing: -.045em;
}
.section-heading h2 { font-size: clamp(2.05rem, 3.2vw, 3rem); line-height: 1.08; }
.focus-copy { max-width: 820px; padding: 0; }
.focus-copy .lead { margin-top: 28px; }
.lead { margin: 0; font-size: clamp(1.08rem, 1.55vw, 1.35rem); line-height: 1.65; }
.venn-frame {
  position: relative;
  width: min(100%, 480px);
  aspect-ratio: 1;
  margin-left: auto;
  border: 1px solid rgba(23, 74, 78, .42);
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.4);
}
.venn-frame-label {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 4;
  top: -9px;
  left: 20px;
  padding: 0 9px;
  background: var(--paper);
  color: var(--forest);
  font-size: .68rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.venn {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 48px 30px 26px;
}
.venn-circle {
  position: absolute;
  width: 56%;
  aspect-ratio: 1;
  border: 1px solid rgba(23, 74, 78, .25);
  border-radius: 50%;
}
.venn-ml { top: 0; left: 2%; background: rgba(190, 225, 221, .65); }
.venn-sm { top: 0; right: 2%; background: rgba(203, 222, 238, .62); }
.venn-qc { right: 22%; bottom: 0; background: rgba(231, 221, 196, .65); }
.venn-label {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 2;
  color: #244e52;
  font-size: clamp(.64rem, 1vw, .78rem);
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .075em;
  line-height: 1.25;
  text-align: center;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.venn-label-ml { top: 20%; left: 7%; }
.venn-label-sm { top: 20%; right: 5%; }
.venn-label-qc { bottom: 7%; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); }
.venn-center {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 3;
  top: 49%;
  left: 50%;
  color: var(--forest-deep);
  font-size: clamp(.78rem, 1.3vw, .95rem);
  line-height: 1.05;
  text-align: center;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

.applications-section { padding: 64px 0; background: var(--sage); color: var(--ink); }
.application-title { max-width: none; margin-bottom: 36px; }
.application-title h2 { margin: 0; font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(2.1rem, 3.3vw, 3.15rem); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.02; letter-spacing: -.04em; white-space: nowrap; }
.application-list { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.application-list article { min-height: 175px; padding: 26px 34px 15px 0; border-right: 1px solid var(--line); }
.application-list article:not(:first-child) { padding-left: 40px; }
.application-list article:last-child { border-right: 0; }
.application-list h3 { margin: 0 0 13px; font-family: var(--display); font-size: 1.55rem; font-weight: 400; }
.application-list p { max-width: 300px; margin: 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: .92rem; line-height: 1.55; }

.news-section { background: var(--sage); }
.news-layout { display: grid; gap: 28px; }
.news-heading { display: flex; align-items: end; justify-content: space-between; gap: 32px; }
.news-heading .kicker { margin-bottom: 12px; }
.news-heading h2 { font-size: clamp(1.85rem, 2.8vw, 2.7rem); }
.news-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 28px; }
.news-all-link { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; color: var(--forest); font-size: .66rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .11em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: nowrap; }
.news-all-link span { transition: transform .2s ease; }
.news-all-link:hover span { transform: translateX(3px); }
.news-tabs { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(var(--news-tab-count, 3), minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 1px; border: 1px solid var(--line); background: var(--line); }
.news-tab {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 14px;
  min-width: 0;
  padding: 17px 20px;
  border: 0;
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.72);
  color: var(--muted);
  cursor: pointer;
  text-align: left;
  transition: background .2s ease, color .2s ease;
}
.news-tab span { flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: .68rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .12em; }
.news-tab small { overflow: hidden; font-size: .75rem; font-weight: 650; letter-spacing: .035em; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; }
.news-tab:hover,
.news-tab:focus-visible,
.news-tab.active { background: var(--forest); color: var(--white); }
.news-showcase { min-width: 0; }
.news-card {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 125px minmax(0, 1fr) 54px;
  gap: clamp(28px, 4vw, 58px);
  align-items: center;
  min-height: 205px;
  padding: 32px 36px;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--white);
  animation: news-reveal .35s ease both;
}
.news-card[hidden] { display: none; }
.news-date { display: grid; padding-right: 32px; border-right: 1px solid var(--line); color: var(--forest); line-height: 1; text-transform: uppercase; }
.news-date strong { font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(3.2rem, 5vw, 4.7rem); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -.06em; }
.news-date span { margin-top: 7px; font-size: .77rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .15em; }
.news-date small { margin-top: 6px; color: var(--muted); font-size: .64rem; letter-spacing: .13em; }
.news-card-copy p { margin: 0 0 11px; color: #477579; font-size: .66rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .14em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.news-card h3 { max-width: 760px; margin: 0; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 2.2vw, 2rem); font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -.02em; line-height: 1.2; }
.news-card h3 em { font-style: normal; }
.news-link {
  display: grid;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  place-items: center;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--forest);
  color: var(--white);
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: background .2s ease, transform .2s ease;
}
.news-link b { font-weight: 500; }
.news-link:hover,
.news-link:focus-visible { background: var(--forest-deep); transform: translateY(-2px); }
.news-controls { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 22px; padding-bottom: 5px; color: var(--muted); }
.news-controls p { margin: 0; font-size: .65rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .14em; }
.news-controls button { padding: 4px 0; border: 0; background: transparent; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-size: .64rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.news-controls button:hover,
.news-controls button:focus-visible { color: var(--forest); }
.news-noscript,
.news-empty { margin: 0; padding: 24px; border: 1px solid var(--line); background: var(--white); color: var(--muted); }
.news-noscript a { color: var(--forest); }
@keyframes news-reveal { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(8px); } to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); } }

.updates-hero { padding: 160px 0 72px; background: var(--sage); }
.updates-heading { display: grid; grid-template-columns: .65fr 1.35fr; gap: 70px; align-items: end; }
.updates-heading > .placeholder-label { align-self: start; padding-top: 13px; }
.updates-heading h1 { margin: 0; font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(3.4rem, 6.4vw, 6.3rem); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -.055em; line-height: .9; }
.updates-heading > div > p { max-width: 520px; margin: 28px 0 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.65; }
.updates-archive { padding: 64px 0 100px; background: var(--paper); }
.updates-toolbar { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 30px; margin-bottom: 50px; }
.updates-toolbar > p { margin: 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: .68rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: nowrap; }
.updates-filters { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }
.updates-filters button { padding: 9px 14px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 999px; background: transparent; color: var(--muted); cursor: pointer; font-size: .69rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase; transition: background .2s ease, border-color .2s ease, color .2s ease; }
.updates-filters button:hover,
.updates-filters button:focus-visible,
.updates-filters button.active { border-color: var(--forest); background: var(--forest); color: var(--white); }
.updates-year { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 150px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 44px; padding-top: 22px; border-top: 1px solid var(--ink); }
.updates-year + .updates-year { margin-top: 70px; }
.updates-year > h2 { margin: 0; font-family: var(--display); font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -.04em; }
.updates-list { display: grid; }
.updates-item { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 100px minmax(0, 1fr) auto; gap: 30px; align-items: center; min-width: 0; padding: 22px 0 25px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.updates-item:first-child { padding-top: 0; }
.updates-item time { color: var(--forest); font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.updates-item p { margin: 0 0 7px; color: #477579; font-size: .64rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.updates-item h3 { margin: 0; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: clamp(1.12rem, 1.8vw, 1.45rem); font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -.015em; line-height: 1.3; }
.updates-item a { color: var(--forest); font-size: .67rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .09em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: nowrap; }
.updates-item a:hover { color: var(--forest-deep); }
.updates-empty { margin: 0; padding: 30px; border: 1px solid var(--line); color: var(--muted); }

.affiliation-section { padding: 64px 0; background: var(--white); border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.affiliation-inner > .kicker { margin-bottom: 28px; }
.affiliation-identity { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 42px; }
.affiliation-identity h2 { max-width: 720px; margin: 0; font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(2rem, 3.7vw, 3.25rem); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.02; letter-spacing: -.04em; }
.affiliation-identity p { max-width: 520px; margin: 14px 0 0; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.6; }
.affiliation-identity .text-link { margin-top: 18px; }
.iitgn-logo-wrap {
  flex: 0 0 150px;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: transform .25s ease;
}
.iitgn-logo-wrap:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); }
.iitgn-logo-wrap img { width: 150px; height: auto; }

.site-footer { padding: 56px 0 28px; background: var(--forest-deep); color: var(--white); }
.footer-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; gap: 70px; }
.footer-brand strong { font-family: var(--display); font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.05; }
.footer-brand p { margin: 22px 0 0; color: rgba(255,255,255,.55); font-size: .8rem; }
.site-footer nav { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, auto); gap: 16px 55px; }
.site-footer nav a { font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 650; letter-spacing: .1em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; }
.site-footer nav a:hover { color: var(--lime); }
.copyright { grid-column: 1 / -1; margin: 35px 0 0; padding-top: 25px; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.15); color: rgba(255,255,255,.45); font-size: .68rem; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; }

.placeholder-page .site-header { color: var(--ink); }
.join-page {
  display: flex;
  min-height: 100svh;
  flex-direction: column;
}
.join-page main { display: flex; flex: 1; }
.join-page .site-footer { margin-top: auto; }
.placeholder-hero {
  min-height: calc(100svh - 140px);
  padding: 205px 0 120px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  background:
    linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0 49.93%, var(--line) 49.93% 50.02%, transparent 50.02%),
    var(--paper);
}
.placeholder-inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: .75fr 1.25fr; gap: 100px; align-items: end; }
.placeholder-label { margin: 0; color: #47705d; font-size: .7rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .18em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.placeholder-content { border-top: 1px solid var(--ink); padding-top: 45px; }
.placeholder-content p { max-width: 480px; margin: 35px 0 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: 1.05rem; line-height: 1.7; }

.publication-page { background: var(--paper); }
.publication-hero { padding: 132px 0 38px; background: var(--sage); }
.publication-heading {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 170px 1fr;
  gap: 40px;
  align-items: start;
}
.publication-heading > .placeholder-label { padding-top: 5px; }
.publication-intro {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.15fr) minmax(280px, .65fr);
  gap: 42px;
  align-items: start;
}
.page-intro-note {
  max-width: 650px;
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: .96rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
}
.profile-links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0 24px; }
.scholar-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 10px;
  margin-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid currentColor;
  color: var(--forest);
  font-size: .72rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .11em;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.publication-section { padding: 68px 0 92px; }
.publication-year {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 150px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 40px;
  align-items: start;
}
.publication-year + .publication-year { margin-top: 58px; }
.publication-year > h2 { margin: -7px 0 0; font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(2rem, 3.2vw, 3rem); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1; letter-spacing: -.04em; }
.publication-list { margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; border-top: 1px solid var(--ink); }
.publication-list > li { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.publication-item {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 40px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 24px;
  padding: 25px 0 27px;
  align-items: start;
}
.publication-number { color: var(--muted); font-size: .7rem; font-weight: 650; letter-spacing: .08em; }
.publication-venue {
  margin: 0 0 10px;
  color: var(--forest);
  font-size: .68rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .1em;
  line-height: 1.45;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.publication-item h3 { max-width: 980px; margin: 0; font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 1.9vw, 1.72rem); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.18; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
.publication-item h3 a { text-decoration: none; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 4px; }
.publication-item h3 a:hover,
.publication-item h3 a:focus-visible { text-decoration: underline; }
.publication-authors { margin: 12px 0 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: .9rem; line-height: 1.55; }

.teaching-hero {
  min-height: calc(100svh - 120px);
  padding: 132px 0 76px;
  background: var(--paper);
}
.teaching-layout { display: grid; gap: 34px; }
.teaching-intro {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: .65fr 1fr;
  gap: 24px 70px;
  align-items: start;
}
.teaching-intro .placeholder-label { align-self: start; padding-top: 5px; }
.course-card {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: .65fr 1.35fr;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--ink);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--white);
}
.course-meta { padding: 30px 40px 30px 0; border-right: 1px solid var(--line); }
.course-meta p {
  margin: 0 0 12px;
  color: var(--forest);
  font-size: .74rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .13em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.course-meta span { color: var(--muted); font-size: .78rem; letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.course-content { padding: 30px 0 34px 42px; }
.course-code { margin: 0 0 10px; color: var(--forest); font-size: .75rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .13em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.course-content h2 { margin: 0; font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(2rem, 3.5vw, 3rem); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1; letter-spacing: -.035em; }
.course-summary { max-width: 760px; margin: 20px 0 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.65; }
.course-topics { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 0 24px; margin-top: 26px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.course-topics span { padding: 13px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); color: #39565a; font-size: .82rem; line-height: 1.4; }

.outreach-hero {
  padding: 132px 0 82px;
  background: var(--paper);
}
.outreach-layout { display: grid; gap: 34px; }
.outreach-intro {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: .65fr 1.35fr;
  gap: 70px;
  align-items: start;
}
.outreach-intro .placeholder-label { align-self: start; padding-top: 5px; }
.outreach-feature { border-top: 1px solid var(--ink); }
.outreach-feature-heading {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: .65fr 1.35fr;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.outreach-meta {
  padding: 30px 40px 30px 0;
  border-right: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.outreach-meta p,
.outreach-year {
  margin: 0 0 12px;
  color: var(--forest);
  font-size: .74rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .13em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.outreach-meta time { color: var(--muted); font-size: .78rem; letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.outreach-copy { padding: 30px 0 36px 42px; }
.outreach-copy h2 {
  max-width: 850px;
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--display);
  font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 2.35vw, 2.4rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.06;
  letter-spacing: -.035em;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.outreach-copy > p:last-child { max-width: 830px; margin: 22px 0 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.7; }
.outreach-photo {
  width: min(100%, 980px);
  margin: 34px auto 0;
}
.outreach-photo img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  background: var(--sage);
}
.outreach-photo figcaption {
  margin-top: 12px;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: .7rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: .09em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.join-hero {
  width: 100%;
  min-height: auto;
  padding: 112px 0 40px;
  background: var(--paper);
}
.join-layout { display: grid; gap: 24px; }
.join-intro {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: .65fr 1.35fr;
  gap: 52px;
  align-items: start;
}
.join-intro .placeholder-label { padding-top: 5px; }
.opportunity-list {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: 0;
  padding-top: 22px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.opportunity-card {
  min-width: 0;
  padding: 24px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.opportunity-card:first-child { padding-top: 0; }
.opportunity-card:last-child { padding-bottom: 8px; border-bottom: 0; }
.opportunity-kicker {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 14px;
  margin-top: 10px;
}
.opportunity-number {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: .7rem;
  font-weight: 650;
  letter-spacing: .08em;
}
.opportunity-number::after {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 32px;
  height: 1px;
  margin: 0 0 3px 14px;
  background: var(--line);
  content: "";
}
.opportunity-type {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--forest);
  font-size: .72rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.opportunity-copy { padding: 0 0 8px; }
.opportunity-copy h2 {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--display);
  font-size: clamp(1.65rem, 2.7vw, 2.3rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.05;
  letter-spacing: -.035em;
}
.opportunity-copy > p:last-child {
  max-width: 980px;
  margin: 12px 0 0;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
  text-align: justify;
  text-justify: inter-word;
}

.contact-link {
  color: var(--forest);
  font-weight: 650;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 3px;
}

.contact-link:hover,
.contact-link:focus-visible { color: var(--forest-deep); }

.members-hero {
  min-height: calc(100svh - 120px);
  padding: 132px 0 82px;
  background: var(--paper);
}
.members-layout { display: grid; gap: 34px; }
.members-intro {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: .65fr 1.35fr;
  gap: 70px;
  align-items: start;
}
.members-intro .placeholder-label { align-self: start; padding-top: 5px; }
.member-profile {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(240px, 330px) 1fr;
  gap: clamp(50px, 7vw, 100px);
  padding-top: 34px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.member-media { width: min(100%, 310px); }
.member-photo {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 1;
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 8px solid var(--white);
  border-radius: 50%;
  box-shadow: 0 18px 50px rgba(23, 48, 52, .12);
}
.member-photo img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 52%; }
.member-links {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 0 16px;
  margin-top: 18px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.member-links a {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 10px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  color: var(--forest);
  font-size: .68rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: .08em;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.member-links a::after { content: "↗"; font-size: .8rem; font-weight: 400; }
.member-links a:hover,
.member-links a:focus-visible { color: var(--ink); }
.member-copy { max-width: 760px; }
.member-role,
.member-position { color: var(--forest); font-size: .74rem; font-weight: 750; letter-spacing: .12em; line-height: 1.55; text-transform: uppercase; }
.member-role { margin: 0 0 14px; }
.member-copy h2 { margin: 0; font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 4vw, 3.6rem); font-weight: 400; line-height: .98; letter-spacing: -.04em; }
.member-position { margin: 18px 0 0; }
.member-bio { margin-top: 30px; padding-top: 25px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.member-bio p { margin: 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.72; }
.member-bio p + p { margin-top: 16px; }
.member-focus { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin-top: 26px; }
.member-focus span { padding: 8px 12px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 999px; color: #39565a; font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .07em; text-transform: uppercase; }

.research-hero {
  min-height: calc(100svh - 120px);
  padding: 132px 0 82px;
  background: var(--paper);
}
.research-layout { display: grid; gap: 34px; }
.research-intro {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: .65fr 1.35fr;
  gap: 70px;
  align-items: start;
}
.research-intro .placeholder-label { align-self: start; padding-top: 5px; }
.research-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
  gap: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--line);
}
.research-area {
  position: relative;
  min-width: 0;
  background: var(--white);
}
.research-area::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0 0 auto;
  height: 4px;
  background: var(--forest);
}
.research-energy::before { background: #bd8b45; }
.research-drug::before { background: #7d6b9f; }
.research-quantum::before { background: #4f78a2; }
.research-figure {
  position: relative;
  aspect-ratio: 3 / 2;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: #fbfaf7;
}
.research-figure::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: auto 0 0;
  height: 34%;
  background: linear-gradient(transparent, rgba(11, 43, 48, .58));
  pointer-events: none;
}
.research-figure img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }
.research-figure figcaption {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1;
  inset: auto 22px 17px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-end;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 20px;
  color: var(--white);
  font-size: .65rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: .08em;
  line-height: 1.35;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.research-figure figcaption span:last-child { text-align: right; }
.research-area-copy { padding: 34px 40px 42px; }
.research-area h2 {
  max-width: none;
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--display);
  font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 1.9vw, 1.9rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.04;
  letter-spacing: -.035em;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.research-area p { margin: 27px 0 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: .98rem; line-height: 1.7; }
.research-area strong { color: #34585d; font-weight: 700; }
.research-area em { color: var(--ink); }

@media (max-width: 1120px) {
  .focus-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 55px; }
  .focus-copy { max-width: 820px; }
  .focus-copy h2 { white-space: normal; }
  .venn-frame { margin-inline: auto; }
}

@media (max-width: 980px) {
  :root { --shell: min(100% - 48px, 760px); }
  .site-header.scrolled,
  .site-header.solid { backdrop-filter: none; }
  .nav-shell { height: 76px; }
  .nav-toggle {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
    display: block;
    width: 42px;
    height: 42px;
    border: 0;
    background: transparent;
    color: currentColor;
    cursor: pointer;
  }
  .nav-toggle span:not(.sr-only) { position: absolute; left: 8px; width: 26px; height: 1px; background: currentColor; transition: transform .2s ease, top .2s ease; }
  .nav-toggle span:nth-child(2) { top: 16px; }
  .nav-toggle span:nth-child(3) { top: 25px; }
  .nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] span:nth-child(2) { top: 21px; transform: rotate(45deg); }
  .nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] span:nth-child(3) { top: 21px; transform: rotate(-45deg); }
  .nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] { color: var(--white); }
  .primary-nav {
    position: fixed;
    inset: 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 10px;
    padding: 90px 10vw;
    overflow-y: auto;
    overscroll-behavior: contain;
    background: var(--forest-deep);
    color: var(--white);
    visibility: hidden;
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(-15px);
    transition: opacity .2s ease, transform .2s ease, visibility .2s;
  }
  .primary-nav.open { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
  .primary-nav a { font-family: var(--display); font-size: clamp(2rem, 7vw, 3rem); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -.02em; text-transform: none; }
  .hero { min-height: 600px; height: 78svh; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: clamp(3.5rem, 9vw, 5rem); white-space: normal; }
  .placeholder-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 55px; }
  .publication-heading { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }
  .publication-heading > .placeholder-label { padding-top: 0; }
  .publication-intro { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 22px; }
  .publication-year { grid-template-columns: 105px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 26px; }
  .teaching-intro { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }
  .course-card { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .course-meta { padding: 24px 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
  .course-content { padding: 28px 0 32px; }
  .outreach-intro { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }
  .outreach-feature-heading { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .outreach-meta { padding: 24px 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
  .outreach-copy { padding: 28px 0 34px; }
  .outreach-copy h2 { white-space: normal; }
  .join-intro { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }
  .opportunity-list { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 0; }
  .opportunity-card { padding: 22px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
  .opportunity-card:first-child { padding-top: 0; }
  .opportunity-copy { padding: 0; }
  .members-intro { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }
  .member-profile { grid-template-columns: 240px 1fr; gap: 45px; }
  .research-intro { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }
  .research-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .updates-heading { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }
  .updates-heading > .placeholder-label { padding-top: 0; }
  .updates-year { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 20px; }
  .focus-copy { padding-top: 0; }
  .application-title h2 { white-space: normal; }
  .application-list { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .application-list article,
  .application-list article:not(:first-child) { min-height: auto; padding: 25px 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
  .application-list article:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }
  .placeholder-hero { background: var(--paper); }
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  :root { --shell: calc(100% - 36px); }
  .section-pad,
  .applications-section { padding: 68px 0; }
  .brand,
  .nav-toggle { min-height: 44px; }
  .nav-toggle { width: 44px; height: 44px; }
  .brand-copy small { display: none; }
  .hero { min-height: 560px; height: 76svh; }
  .hero-image { background-position: 65% 50%; }
  .hero-shade { background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(5,30,23,.93), rgba(5,30,23,.6)); }
  .hero-content { padding-top: 65px; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: clamp(3rem, 13.5vw, 4.2rem); line-height: .9; }
  .hero-intro { font-size: .96rem; }
  .hero-index { display: none; }
  .text-link,
  .news-all-link,
  .news-controls button,
  .scholar-link,
  .member-links a,
  .updates-item a { min-height: 44px; align-items: center; }
  .focus-grid { gap: 38px; }
  .venn-frame { width: min(100%, 420px); }
  .application-title { margin-bottom: 34px; }
  .news-heading { flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; gap: 20px; }
  .news-actions { width: 100%; justify-content: space-between; }
  .news-controls { justify-content: space-between; padding-bottom: 0; }
  .news-card { grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; gap: 24px; min-height: 0; padding: 26px 24px 30px; }
  .news-date { display: flex; grid-column: 1; align-items: baseline; gap: 8px; padding-right: 0; border-right: 0; }
  .news-date strong { font-size: 2.8rem; }
  .news-date span { margin-top: 0; }
  .news-date small { margin-top: 0; }
  .news-card-copy { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
  .news-link { grid-column: 2; grid-row: 1; width: 44px; height: 44px; }
  .news-tab small { display: none; }
  .news-tab { justify-content: center; padding-inline: 10px; }
  .updates-hero { padding: 130px 0 58px; }
  .updates-archive { padding: 48px 0 72px; }
  .updates-toolbar { align-items: flex-start; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 38px; }
  .updates-filters button { min-height: 44px; }
  .updates-item { grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; gap: 12px 22px; }
  .updates-item time { grid-column: 1; }
  .updates-item > div { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
  .updates-item a { grid-column: 2; grid-row: 1; }
  .affiliation-section { padding: 56px 0; }
  .affiliation-identity { align-items: flex-start; gap: 22px; }
  .iitgn-logo-wrap { flex-basis: 92px; }
  .iitgn-logo-wrap img { width: 92px; }
  .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 45px; }
  .site-footer nav { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
  .site-footer nav a { display: flex; min-height: 44px; align-items: center; }
  .placeholder-hero { min-height: 80svh; padding: 150px 0 90px; }
  .publication-hero { padding: 112px 0 34px; }
  .publication-section { padding: 48px 0 70px; }
  .publication-year { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
  .publication-year + .publication-year { margin-top: 46px; }
  .publication-year > h2 { margin: 0; font-size: 2.15rem; }
  .publication-item { grid-template-columns: 30px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 14px; padding: 24px 0; }
  .publication-item h3 { font-size: 1.28rem; }
  .teaching-hero { padding: 112px 0 60px; }
  .teaching-layout { gap: 28px; }
  .course-topics { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .outreach-hero { padding: 112px 0 62px; }
  .outreach-layout { gap: 28px; }
  .outreach-photo { margin-top: 24px; }
  .join-hero { padding: 100px 0 32px; }
  .join-layout { gap: 22px; }
  .opportunity-copy > p:last-child { text-align: left; text-justify: auto; }
  .members-hero { padding: 112px 0 60px; }
  .members-layout { gap: 28px; }
  .member-profile { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 34px; padding-top: 32px; }
  .member-media { width: min(74vw, 270px); }
  .research-hero { padding: 112px 0 60px; }
  .research-layout { gap: 28px; }
  .research-area-copy { padding: 28px 24px 34px; }
  .research-area h2 { font-size: 1.55rem; white-space: normal; }
  .research-figure figcaption { inset: auto 16px 13px; gap: 12px; font-size: .65rem; line-height: 1.35; }
}

@media (max-width: 980px) and (max-height: 600px) {
  .primary-nav {
    justify-content: flex-start;
    gap: 2px;
    padding-top: 72px;
    padding-bottom: 24px;
  }
  .primary-nav a { font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 7vh, 2.1rem); }
  .hero { min-height: 480px; height: auto; }
  .hero-content { min-height: 480px; padding-top: 90px; padding-bottom: 50px; }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  html { scroll-behavior: auto; }
  *, *::before, *::after { transition-duration: .01ms !important; }
}